Unicode-based entities for display of mathematical symbols with HTML documents

In HTML documents, special characters and symbols can be encoded as sequence &#xHEX; for display by the browser, where HEX is a Unicode hexadecimal number. For a large set of characters and operator symbols, which are of particular interest in mathematics and science, Unicode hexadecimal numeric values have now been assigned. The following table shows selected HTML entity codes (&#xHEX; format) along with the displayed associated symbol and a descriptive notation.

Since hexadecimal numbers are difficult to memorize, we use descriptive notations whenever chunks of XML are encoded by humans as it is the case with information snippets incorporated during the design of our Chemical Property Viewer. The descriptive notations are based on Camel Notation in which the first letter (or letter sequence) is lowercase and may be followed by appended words, each word beginning with an uppercase letter. For example, the symbol meaning "greater-than over equal to", displayed as "≧", has the notation "greaterThanOverEqualTo". The symbols in the table are alphanumerically ordered by their descriptive notation. Note that some symbols appear more than once due to alternative descriptions. For example, the symbol "∨" (different from letter v) has notations "logicalOr", "disjunction", and "vee". Or, the symbol "↓" has notations "dArrow" and "precipitation". If a notation begins with a lowercase letter d, u, l, or r followed by an uppercase letter, the first letter stands for down, up, left or right, respectively.

Table with Google Chrome-, Firefox- and Opera-supported
Unicode Symbols for Math & Science

Descriptive notation	Symbol	HTML entity code
allEqualTo	≌	≌
almostEqualOrEqualTo	≊	≊
almostEqualTo	≈	≈
alternatingCurrent	∿	∿
angle	∠	∠
angleArc	∢	∢
anticlockwiseContourIntegral	∳	∳
approachesTheLimit	≐	≐
approximatelyButNotActuallyEqualTo	≆	≆
approximatelyEqualTo	≅	≅
approximatelyEqualToOrImageOf	≒	≒
arrowNE	↗	↗
arrowNW	↖	↖
arrowSE	↘	↘
arrowSW	↙	↙
asterisk	*	*
asteriskOperator	∗	∗
asymptoticTo	≈	≈
asymptoticallyEqualTo	≃	≃
because	∵	∵
cap	∩	∩
checkMark	✓	✓
circledMinus	⊖	⊖
circledPlus	⊕	⊕
circledTimes	⊗	⊗
clockwiseContourIntegral	∲	∲
clockwiseIntegral	∱	∱
colon	:	:
colonEquals	≔	≔
complement	∁	∁
containsAsMember	∋	∋
contourIntegral	∮	∮
correspondsTo	≘	≘
cubeRoot	∛	∛
cup	∪	∪
dArrow	↓	↓
dDoubleArrow	⇓	⇓
dTriangleBulletFilled	▾	▾
dTriangleBulletHollow	▿	▿
deltaEqualTo	≜	≜
differenceBetween	≏	≏
directSum	⊕	⊕
disjunction	∨	∨
divides	∣	∣
divisionSlash	∕	∕
doesNotContainAsMember	∌	∌
doesNotDivide	∤	∤
doesNotPrecede	⊀	⊀
doesNotSucceed	⊁	⊁
dotMinus	∸	∸
doubleIntegral	∬	∬
doubleVerticalLine	‖	‖
earth	♁	♁
elementOf	∈	∈
elementOfSmall	∊	∊
emptySet	∅	∅
endOfProof	∎	∎
equalToByDefinition	≝	≝
equalsColon	≕	≕
equiangularlTo	≚	≚
equivalentTo	≍	≍
estimates	≙	≙
excess	∹	∹
forAll	∀	∀
fourthRoot	∜	∜
fractionSlash	⁄	⁄
geometricProportion	∺	∺
geometricallyEqualTo	≑	≑
geometricallyEquivalentTo	≎	≎
greaterThanOrEqualTo	≥	≥
greaterThanOrEquivalentTo	≳	≳
greaterThanOrLessThan	≷	≷
greaterThanOverEqualTo	≧	≧
hat	∩	∩
higherRankThan	≻	≻
homothetic	∻	∻
identicalTo	≡	≡
ifAndOnlyIf	↔	↔
imageOfOrApproximatelyEqualTo	≓	≓
implies	⇒	⇒
increment	∆	∆
infinity	∞	∞
integral	∫	∫
intersection	∩	∩
invertedLazyS	∾	∾
lAngleBracket	〈	〈
lArrow	←	←
lArrowStroke	↚	↚
lArrowWave	↜	↜
lDoubleArrow	⇐	⇐
lTriangleBulletFilled	◂	◂
lTriangleBulletHollow	◃	◃
lazyS	∽	∽
lessThanOrEqualTo	≤	≤
lessThanOrEquivalentTo	≲	≲
lessThanOrGreaterThan	≶	≶
lessThanOverEqualTo	≦	≦
logicalAnd	∧	∧
logicalOr	∨	∨
lowerRankThan	≺	≺
lrArrow	↔	↔
measuredAngle	∡	∡
measuredBy	≞	≞
minus	−	−
minusPlus	∓	∓
minusTilde	≂	≂
mostPositive	∾	∾
muchGreaterThan	≫	≫
muchLessThan	≪	≪
multiset	⊌	⊌
nabla	∇	∇
naryCoproduct	∐	∐
naryLogicalAnd	⋀	⋀
naryProduct	∏	∏
narySummation	∑	∑
nearlyEquals	≒	≒
neitherApproximatelyNorActuallyEqualTo	≇	≇
neitherGreaterThanNorEqualTo	≱	≱
neitherGreaterThanNorEquivalentTo	≵	≵
neitherGreaterThanNorLessThan	≹	≹
neitherLessThanNorEqualTo	≰	≰
neitherLessThanNorEquivalentTo	≴	≴
neitherLessThanNorGreaterThan	≸	≸
neitherSubsetOfNorEqualTo	⊈	⊈
neitherSupersetOfNorEqualTo	⊉	⊉
notAlmostEqualTo	≉	≉
notAnElementOf	∉	∉
notAsymptoticallyEqualTo	≄	≄
notEqualTo	≠	≠
notEquivalentTo	≭	≭
notGreaterThan	≯	≯
notIdenticalTo	≢	≢
notLessThan	≮	≮
notParallelTo	∦	∦
notSubsetOf	⊄	⊄
notSupersetOf	⊅	⊅
notTilde	≁	≁
overline	¯	¯
partialDifferential	∂	∂
plusMinus	±	±
precedes	≺	≺
precedesOrEqualTo	≼	≼
precedesOrEquivalentTo	≾	≾
precipitation	↓	↓
proportion	∷	∷
proportionalTo	∝	∝
questionedEqualTo	≟	≟
rAngleBracket	〉	〉
rArrow	→	→
rArrowStroke	↛	↛
rArrowWave	↝	↝
rDoubleArrow	⇒	⇒
rPointingSmallTriangle	▸	▸
rTriangleBulletFilled	‣	‣
rTriangleBulletHollow	▹	▹
reverseSolidus	\	\
reverseTilde	∽	∽
rightAngle	∟	∟
ringEqualTo	≗	≗
ringInEqualTo	≖	≖
ringOperator	∘	∘
setMinus	∖	∖
similarTo	∼	∼
sineWave	∿	∿
smallContainsAsMember	∍	∍
smallElementOf	∊	∊
solidus	/	/
squareBulletFilled	▪	▪
squareBulletHollow	▫	▫
squareCap	⊓	⊓
squareCup	⊔	⊔
squareImageOf	⊏	⊏
squareImageOfOrEqualTo	⊑	⊑
squareOriginalOf	⊐	⊐
squareOriginalOfOrEqualTo	⊒	⊒
squareRegularFilled	■	■
squareRegularHollow	□	□
squareRoot	√	√
starEquals	≛	≛
strictlyEquivalentTo	≣	≣
subsetOf	⊂	⊂
subsetOfOrEqualTo	⊆	⊆
subsetOfWithNotEqualTo	⊊	⊊
succeedes	≻	≻
succeedesOrEqualTo	≽	≽
succeedesOrEquivalentTo	≿	≿
supersetOf	⊃	⊃
supersetOfOrEqualTo	⊇	⊇
supersetOfWithNotEqualTo	⊋	⊋
surfaceIntegral	∯	∯
symmetricDifference	⊖	⊖
tensorProduct	⊗	⊗
thereDoesNotExist	∄	∄
thereExists	∃	∃
therefore	∴	∴
tripleIntegral	∭	∭
tripleTilde	≋	≋
uArrow	↑	↑
uDoubleArrow	⇑	⇑
uTriangleBulletFilled	▴	▴
uTriangleBulletHollow	▵	▵
udArrow	↕	↕
union	∪	∪
vee	∨	∨
verticalLine	\|	\|
volumeIntegral	∰	∰
wreathProduct	≀	≀

Related Pages and References

Last update was made on September 3 in 2008 by Axel Drefahl.
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